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Agricultural Land Use Change towards Improving Value Added in Nam Sach District, Hai Duong Province

Nguyen Thi Phuong Duyen, Nguyen Thi Vong, Nguyen Tuan Anh, Nguyen Quang Huy

Received: 27-09-2017 / Accepted: 28-03-2018
A study was conducted to analyze the current status of agricultural land utilization and find solutions for restructuring the agricultural sector in terms of agricultural land use change in Nam Sach District, Hai Duong Province. Secondary and primary data collection were collectedin the study. Multi-objective optimization model was used to determine the area of 31 actual land utilization types serving as basis for change in the land use towards higher value added. At present, there were 8 land use types (LUTs) and 31 land utilization types, in which the area of two rice crops was largest with 2,480.71 ha, accounting for 34.65% of the total agricultural land. Based on the results of multi-objective optimization model analysis, the evaluation of efficiency of current land use and agricultural development orientations of the district, the areas under two rice crops (1,180.71 ha), aquaculture (505.19 ha), and rice -non-rice crops (52.75 ha) are recommended to change to two rice - non-rice crops, integrated farms, and fruit production, respectively.
Optimization of Culture Conditions for Biomass Production of Histamine Degrading Exiguobacterium profundumCH2.1 Strain

Nguyen Thi Hong, Pham Thi Diu, Nguyen Thi Phuong Anh, Tran Thi Thu Hang, Nguyen Thi Lam Doan, Nguyen Hoang Anh

Received: 24-10-2022 / Accepted: 27-01-2023
The aim of this study is to optimize the culture conditions of Exiguobacterium profundumCH2.1 degrading histamine in order to obtain maximum biomass. The effect of salt concentration, temperature and pH of the culture medium on the growth of E. profundumCH2.1 were determined by CFU method. The single-factor experiments showed that this strain grew well at concentration of salt from 5 to 10%; temperature 37C, and pH from 6 to 8. The JMP optimization software of Box-Behnken experimental design model indicated that temperature 36.7C, pH = 7 and 5% salt concentration appeared as optimal conditions of E. profundumCH2.1, and the cell biomass reached 7.95 log CFU/ml.After optimal condition test, the E. profundumCH2.1 had a log (CFU/ml) value of 8.01 at 3 day.
Establishment and Optimization of Realtime PCR Assays for Detecting Disease in Shrimp Caused by Decapod Iridescent Virus 1

Truong Dinh Hoai, Nguyen Thi Huyen, Nguyen Thi Kim Oanh, Vu Dang Thang, Nguyen Dang Hong Ngoc, Nguyen Thanh Loan, Au Xuan Khoa, Vu Thi Lan Huong, Nguyen Thi Thuy Man

Received: 28-07-2023 / Accepted: 26-01-2024
The study was conducted to establish, optimize and validate the real-time PCR assay for the detection of Decapod iridescent virus 1(DIV1) and control of this disease in shrimp. The plasmid samples containing two target genes MCP and ATPase of DIV1 were used to establish and optimize the procedure using different probe concentrations 0.1, 0.15 and 0.2µM. The sensitivity, performance, specificity, inter-assay stability, and interlaboratory matching results from nationally and internationally standardized laboratories were used to evaluate the efficacy and validity of these real-time PCR assays. The results of real-time PCR using plasmids containing target MCP and ATPase genes at a probe concentration of 0.2µM revealed the best detection ability. The reaction detection limits were 13.6 and 14.3 plasmid copies/reaction with the efficiency at 98.9% and 92.6%, respectively. The assays exhibited high specificity (no reaction to all shrimp-positive samples for WSSV, IHHNV, AHPND, and EHP) and high stability (CV < 15%). The study results showed that two real-time PCR assays using plasmids carrying target MCP and ATPase genes of DIV1 established in this study could ensure reliability and applicability to laboratories for screening and controlling DIV1 disease in Vietnam.
Optimization of the Medium Composition for Biomass Production of Pseudomonas stutzeri by Response Surface Methodology (RSM)

Truong Phuoc Thien Hoang, Le Phuoc Tho, Vu Phu Quang, Nguyen Phu Hoa, Nguyen Van Thong, Pham Cong Hoat

Received: 03-06-2021 / Accepted: 03-05-2021
The objective of this study was to find the optimal value of the factors that directly affect the bacterial population multiplication process as a premise to create products that apply in reality with emphasis on Pseudomonas stutzeriKL15 strain. Pseudomonas stutzeriKL15 grew and developed well when the bacterial culture rate was 2.5%, after a culture time of 36 hours at 30C. After that, appropriate nitrogen and carbon sources were selected as the basis for screening factors affecting the biomass collection of Pseudomonas stutzeriKL15by experimental design Plackett - Burman. The fermentation medium composition was optimized by the Response surface methodology (RSM) with Box - Behnken matrix, in which three factors, molasses, yeast extract and MgSO4were the the most influential factors (P <0.05). Results showed that the suitable media composition to receive Pseudomonas stutzeriKL15biomass included molasses 4.76 g/l, yeast extract 18.99 g/l and MgSO40.99 g/l. The actual concentration of Pseudomonas stutzeriKL15obtained was 2.37 ×1011CFU/ml in comparison withthe predicted maximum concentration of Pseudomonas stutzeriKL15of 2.45 × 1011CFU/ml (11,591 Log10.CFU/ml).
Optimization of Parameters in PolysaccharideExtraction and Bioactive Analysis from Myxopyrum smilacifolium(Wall.) Blume Roots

Luu Hong Son, Vu Thi Hanh, Nguyen Thi Tinh, Ta Thi Luong, Dinh Thi Kim Hoa, Ngo Xuan Binh

Received: 26-02-2021 / Accepted: 04-06-2021
It has been demonstrated that roots ofMyxopyrum smilacifolium(Wall.) contain many bioactive compounds including polysaccharides, saponin, flavonoids. This study aimed to determine the effects of the single-factor model on the amount of polysaccharide extracted from roots of Myxopyrum smilacifolium(Wall.) Blume), as a basis on a fractional factorial design at three levels through the Box–Behnken experimental design. Extracts obtained from optimized conditions were used for evaluation of their antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory ability. The results of the single-factor showed that the time of using ultrasound, the ethanol concentration, solvent/ material ratio, and extraction temperature were 60 seconds at 37 kHz, 80%, 15/1 (ml/g), and 80C for 90 min respectively. Under the optimized conditions by using the Box–Behnken experimental design, the results showed that the time of using ultrasound, the ethanol concentration, solvent/ material ratio, and extraction temperature were 64.67 seconds at 37 kHz, 81.56%, 15.33/1 (ml/g), and80C for 90 min respectively; and the total polysaccharide content was 16.1948 mg/g of the root. The extracts of total polysaccharides were able to inhibit Staphylococcus aureusK, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella flexneri, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas spp with antibacterial ring diameters as follow: 8.01; 18.06; 8.03; 6.84; 15.33; 9.39, and 10.13 mmrespectively. There was an IC50value of 168.94 ± 5.28 (µg/ml) when evaluating antioxidant activity. The anti-inflammatory ability was 28.31 ± 1.04; 33.76 ± 1.06; 50.04 ± 2.03 and 71.14 ± 2.81 (% BSA denaturation) corresponds to the extract concentration of 0.78125; 1.5625; 3.125 and 6.350 (μg/ml) respectively.
Optimization of Pectin Extraction and Effect of Extraction Conditions on Esterification of Pectin from Purple Passion Fruit Peel (Passiflora edulisSims.)

Nguyen Trong Thang, Le Minh Nguyet

Received: 03-03-2021 / Accepted: 10-05-2021
Passion fruitpeel accounts for a very high percentageof the total fruit weight. Therefore, taking advantage of this by-product source to extract pectin will both create valuable products for application in the food industry and contribute to solving environmental problems. This study aimed to find the optimal conditions for extracting pectin from the peelsof purple passion fruit and to evaluate the effect of extraction conditions on the degree of esterification of pectin. Using a central composite design (CCD) with a response surface methodology (RSM), the results showedthat the generated quadratic model adequately explained the data variation and significantly represented the actual relationship between the independent variables and the responses. This study also found the optimal conditions to extract pectin from passion fruit peelsas follows: citric axit concentration of 8.00%, temperature of 82.14C and extraction time of 81.07 min for the highest yield of pectin (24.42%). Thepectin extracted under the optimum conditions had the followingphysicochemical properties: equivalent weight (EW) of 586.92± 17.55; degree of esterification (DE) of 38.76± 1.52 %; methoxyl index (MI) of 3.94± 0.13 %; total anhydrouronic acid content (AUA) of 76.58± 1.19 %. Thesecharacteristics are suitable for the purpose of edible film making, opening up a potential application for this pectin. In addition, the extraction conditions had a marked effect on the degree of esterification of pectin from purple passion fruit peel.
Optimization of Polyphenol Extraction from Guava Leaves by Response Surface Methodology

Nguyen Xuan Duy, Ho Ba Vuong, Nguyen Anh Tuan

Received: 30-10-2014 / Accepted: 09-10-2015
This study was carried out to optimize extraction condition of polyphenols from guava leaf. To obtain this goal, we used a response surface methodology to optimize extracting conditions of polyphenols. Four main factors affecting on polyphenol extraction conditions from guava leaf were investigated, including: Temperature, time, solven-material ratio, and solvent concentration. Research results showed that the optimal extraction conditions of polyphenols from guava leaf obtained as follow: Temperature of 90oC, time of 76.5 mins, a solvent-material of 70/1 (ml/g), and a ethanol concentration of 44.3%. At optimal extraction conditions, polyphenol content achieved 233.76 mg GAE/g of dry basis. Polyphenol extract from guava leaf obtained at the optimal condition exhibited high antioxidant activity based DPPH free radical scavenging ability with an IC50value of 2.1 µg/ml. Our research results indicated potential of using guava leaf as promisisng resources for extracting natural antioxidants.
Optimization of Transformation Protocol for Japonica Rice cv.Taichung 65 through Agrobacterium tumefaciens

Hoang Thi Giang, Mai Duc Chung, Nguyen Thi Hue, Jeremy Lavarenne, Mathieu Gonin, Nguyen Thanh Hai, Do Nang Vinh, Pascal Gantet

Received: 16-10-2014 / Accepted: 22-07-2015
In the present study, we have successfully developed a transformation protocol for a rice variety Taichung 65 mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens with high efficiency, easy manipulation and reduction in labour work. In the protocol, we have optimized all steps of transformation, standardized components of culture media and presented several manipulation experiments. Experimental results have shown that using petri dishes with high edge (15 mm) and exposing explants not only increased the rate of callus formation, but also enhanced the size and quality of calluses. Using bacterial suspension at density OD600nm = 0.1 was optimal with high GUS expression in callus (81.25%) and low contamination. During the selection phase, transformed calluses grew better in petri dishes with high edge (15 mm) and exposing explants. Checking for the presence of R4 promoter at the molecular level showed high frequency of regenerated plantlets carrying the transgenes (up to 90.24%). GUS expression in different tissues of transgenic plants indicated the high activity of promoter R4, leading to initiate transcription and synthesis of GUS enzyme. Analysis of T1 plants confirmed the stable inheritance of transgene to the next generation.
Optimizing Technological Parameters for Pectin Extraction from Dragon Fruit Peels

Tran Thi Dinh

Received: 23-02-2016 / Accepted: 05-05-2016
The peelsof dragon fruit contain high pectin contentand can be utilizedto extract pectin. In this study, the factors influencing pectin extraction were optimized. The optimal conditions were citric acid solvent extractionatpH 3.5,particel size of d ≤ 1 mmandsolvent/dragon fruit peel rato of 34.23/1 (v/w), at temperature 85°C in 35 min. Under these conditions, the extraction yield reached 13.81%.
Optimizing Some Factors of Drying Tomato Waste for Lycopene Extraction

Nguyen Thi Hoang Lan, Nguyen Thi Kim Thanh, Nguyen Thi Quyen, Tran Thi Nhung, Nguyen Ngoc Cuong, Tran Thi Dinh

Received: 27-10-2017 / Accepted: 02-04-2018
Lycopene, one of the natural substances, possesses high antioxidant activity. It is widely used in food, cosmestic, and pharmaceutical industries. Tomato is a rich source of lycopene present in the water insoluble fractions such as skin and pulp. Therefore, solid waste from the tomato processing industry is a potential material for lycopene extraction. This study aimed to optimize factors influencing the drying process of tomato waste to be used for lycopene extraction. Optimal drying temperature and final moisture content were 65oC and 23%, respectively. Under these conditions, the lycopene content of the dried tomato waste was 8.92 mg/g dry matterand the antioxidant activity of the lycopene extract was8.14 µmol TE/g dry matter.
Optimization of Porcine Oocyte in VitroMaturation Medium for Application in Vietnam

Do Thi Kim Lanh, Hoang Thi Kim Chi, Nguyen Thi Ngoc Anh, Nguyen Thi Hong Nhung, Kazuhiro Kikuchi, Takeshige Otoi, Nguyen Thi Thu Trang, Su Thanh Long

Received: 22-05-2020 / Accepted: 21-06-2020
The present study was conducted to evaluate the maturation rate of porcine oocytes matured in POM or TCM199 medium; in maturation, medium made from Sigma pure water or MQW and effects of hormone supplementation in the first 22 hours or during IVM. Maturation rate of porcine oocyte matured in POM (73.45 ± 2.61%) medium was significantly higher than that of TCM199 medium (58.84 ± 2.49). There was no significant difference in the maturation rate of porcin oocyte matured in POM medium made from Sigma pure water (87.16 ± 4.74%) or MQW (83.20 ± 6.93%). The supplementation of hormone in 22 hours could help to improve the maturation rate (90.88 ± 2.33%) compared to that of 46 hours (84.93 ± 2.78%). MQW can be used to prepared porcine oocyte matured medium. Supplementation of hormones during IVM1 has potential to improve the maturation rate of porcine oocytes.
Comparison Analysis of some MCDM Modelsand Applying in Decision Information System

Nguyen Thi Lan, Ngoc Minh Chau, Nguyen Xuan Thao

Received: 20-07-2020 / Accepted: 30-11-2020
Practically, a decision-maker (DM) often faces the problem of choosing the best optimal from the alternatives based on given criteria, which is called the multiple criteria decision-making problem (MCDM). Many models have been studied and used to solve MCDM problems. However, it is wrong to declare that there is a certain method that is the best one. The main objective of this studywas to analyze and evaluate some methods of solving multi-criteria decision-making problems such as the SAW (Simple Additive Weighting), and MOORA (multi-objective optimization based on ratio analysis) method, and apply them to solve some problems in agriculture. To do that, we analyzed the SAW and MOORA methods and proposed improvement directions in the data normalization step and used fuzzy entropy to calculate weights for the model's criteria. After that, the improved models used to solve some problems in agriculture, such as the problem of choosing a mushroom cultivation formula, the problem of choosing a fertilizer for cashew trees. The results obtained after improvement were considered to be better.
Optimization of Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Phenolic and Flavonoid Compounds from Lyophilized Docynia indicaFruit

Nguyen Thi Thu Phuong, Thai Ngoc Anh, Dang Thao Yen Linh, Nguyen Thi Lam Doan, Le Thi Ngoc Thuy, Tran Thi Nhung, Nguyen Thi Thanh Thuy

Received: 20-02-2021 / Accepted: 29-04-2021
Docynia indicais a fruit with high pharmacological potential because it contains many antioxidants such as phenolics and flavonoids. This study aims to optimize conditions for extracting phenolic and flavonoid compounds from this fruit through microwave-assisted. The effects of the various parameters including solvent concentration, solvent/material ratio, microwave power, extraction time on collection capability of bioactive compounds were studied individually. The extraction condition was optimized by Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The results showed that the optimal condition for extracting bioactive substances from lyophilized Docynia indica was 40alcohol solvent, the ratio of solvent/material was 33.37/1, microwave power was 627.64W (However, in fact, this power cannot be adjusted, so the authors used the closest power of 630W), the extraction time is 3.02m. With the above indicated conditions, the total polyphenol and flavonoid contents were obtained 42.28 ± 0.39mg GAE/g CK and 15.47 ± 0.38mg CAE/g CK, respectively.
Assessement of Land Management and Land Use of Economic Organizations Which Were Assigned or Leased Land by the Government in Me Linh District, Ha Noi City

Do Thi Tam, Pham Minh Giap

Received: 18-03-2015 / Accepted: 09-06-2015
The study aims to assess land management and land useof economicorganizationswhich were assigned or leased land by the governmentin Me Linh. Thus, propose solutionsto enhanceland use efficiency, at the same time to limit the cases of breaking the Land law. The research used intergrated analysis and comparisonmethods. The result shows thatthere were 217economicorganizationswhich wereassigned or leased land with a total area of 927.50 ha in Me Linh District. 25 organizations used the land for improper purposes with an area of 14.27 ha; 9organizations used land for leasing to another organization with an area of 13.20 ha; 5 organizations had land in dispute with an area of 13.10 ha; 16 organizations used land as a join capital in business with an area of 34.74 ha and 13 organizations with 84.55 ha of land which have not put in to use yet. To remedy thesesituations, it is necessary to promulgate appropriate policies and laws, economical solutions, scientific solutions and management solutions.
Method Optimization and Determination of the Contentsof Iron, Copper and Zinc Microelements in Raw Materials and Animal Feed using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry

Dang Thuy Nhung, Bui Thi Bich, Vu Viet Anh, Vu Thi Ngan

Received: 08-02-2022 / Accepted: 27-01-2023
The study was conducted to assess the method of using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) equipment and determine the contentsof Fe, Cu, and Zn elements in raw materials and animal feeds. The study used AAS system, built a standard curve of analyte concentration, investigated atomization conditions, measured spectra of analyte elements, and analyzed Fe, Cu and Zn contents in some ingredients and completfeeds were currently being used in some localities.The experiments optimized measurement conditions for Fe, Cu and Zn for the AAS, identified linear ranges and built standard lines and detection limits for Fe, Cu and Zn. On the basis of these conditions, 18 feed materials rich in energy and protein, 11 raw feeds, and complete mix feeds for pigs (14), chickens (15), ducks (7) and dairy cows (2) were analyzed. However, mixed feed samples for pigs, chickens and cows exceeded the nutrition requirement of AAFCO.
Optimizationof Cultural Conditions for Rhizobacterium Bacillus subtilisRB.CJ41 Against Fusariumsp.

Trinh Thi Huyen Trang, Nguyen Minh Trung, Dinh Lan Trinh, Tran Thi Phuong Hanh

Received: 03-10-2023 / Accepted: 07-03-2024
Rhizobacterium Bacillus subtilisRB.CJ41 isolated from black pepper hasantifungal activity against Fusariumsp. under in vitroand ex vitroconditions. The objective of the study was to select the appropriate culture conditions of the strain B. subtilisRB.CJ41. The single effect of environmental factors including C/N source, carbon sources, (NH4)2SO4and MgSO4sourceswas investigated on the density and Fusariumsp antifungal activity of the strain RB.CJ41. The results showed that bean residue, mannitol and MgSO4had the greatest impact on density and antifungal activity of strain RB.CJ41. Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) - Central Composite Design (CCD), a quadratic equation describing the dependence of Fusariumsp. antifungal activity with three survey variableswas determined in the form “Antifungal activity (%) = 11.66 – 0.9452A + 1.00B + 0.2713C – 0.5625AB – 0.5625AC – 0.0625BC – 2.28A2 – 2.73B2– 1.84C2.Analytical results showed theoptimal range forhigh antifungal activity of rhizobacteriumB. subtilisRB.CJ41 was7 g/lto 8 g/lfor bean residue, 6g/lto 7g/lfor mannitol and 4 g/lto 5 g/lfor MgSO4.
Optimizationof Cultural Conditions for Rhizobacterium Bacillus subtilisRB.CJ41 Against Fusariumsp.

Trinh Thi Huyen Trang, Nguyen Minh Trung, Dinh Lan Trinh, Tran Thi Phuong Hanh

Received: 03-10-2023 / Accepted: 07-03-2024
Rhizobacterium Bacillus subtilisRB.CJ41 isolated from black pepper hasantifungal activity against Fusariumsp. under in vitroand ex vitroconditions. The objective of the study was to select the appropriate culture conditions of the strain B. subtilisRB.CJ41. The single effect of environmental factors including C/N source, carbon sources, (NH4)2SO4and MgSO4sourceswas investigated on the density and Fusariumsp antifungal activity of the strain RB.CJ41. The results showed that bean residue, mannitol and MgSO4had the greatest impact on density and antifungal activity of strain RB.CJ41. Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) - Central Composite Design (CCD), a quadratic equation describing the dependence of Fusariumsp. antifungal activity with three survey variableswas determined in the form “Antifungal activity (%) = 11.66 – 0.9452A + 1.00B + 0.2713C – 0.5625AB – 0.5625AC – 0.0625BC – 2.28A2 – 2.73B2– 1.84C2.Analytical results showed theoptimal range forhigh antifungal activity of rhizobacteriumB. subtilisRB.CJ41 was7 g/lto 8 g/lfor bean residue, 6g/lto 7g/lfor mannitol and 4 g/lto 5 g/lfor MgSO4.
Hedonic Model and Software for Land Pricing and Selecting Key Feature of Land Price

Tran Duc Quynh, Bui Nguyen Hanh

Received: 22-07-2015 / Accepted: 03-09-2015
Land pricing and determining the key factors of the land price are useful for land use planning and for the banking. At present, landprice estimation is relied ontraditional methods. These methods largely depend onanalysis and intervention by pricing staff, thus, may not be free of subjective mistakes and non-transparency. In this study, we proposeda method for land pricing based on hedonic model. This model was introduced by Lancaster in 1966 and has many applications in economicsincluding land pricing. Usually, for each region, various particularmathematical models arechosen and tested. In this paper, we investigateda linear model and a secondorder model in combination withpenalty technique to select the key factorsaffecting land price. The optimal parameters were obtained by solving convex optimization problems. A demo software to calculate the optimal parameters and to evaluate the error was developped. Numerical results with data collected from Long Bien district showedthat the proposed method is potentially promising.
OPTIMIZATION OF FACTORS AFFECTING SYRUP PRODUCTION FROM "SIM" FRUIT (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa) FOR HIGH ANTHOCYANIN CONCENTRATION AND GOOD QUALITY

NguyenMinh Thuy, Nhan Minh Tri, Pham Thi Kim Quyen

Received: 11-11-2013 / Accepted: 24-02-2013
Rhodomyrtus tomentosaor Rose Myrtleis a wild plant native to Southeast Asia. Itsberry orfruit is sweet, edible and medicinallyused as a folk remedy for various diseases. The fruitcontains high concentration of anthocyanin,a natural polyphenol withpowerful antioxidantactivity. In this study, Sim fruitsharvested from Mang-Den, a highland area in Komtum, were pretreated withpectinase to maximize yield, transmittance (clarify) and anthocyanin in the filtrate. After taste adjustmentwith sugar and citric acid, the juice was pasteurized for preservation. The extraction by pectinase enzymes was optimized using response surface methodology. The results showed that the extraction condition with 0.1% pectinase at 40oC in 60 min wasoptimal for maximum yield of fruit juice (62.93%), clarity (T=38.3%) and amount of anthocyanin (68.52 mg/L). Pasteurizationwith PU858,3 = 9.18 minutes at 85oC for 4 minutes yielded syrup withgood safety and high anthocyanin concentration.
Optimization of Herbal Supplements in Broilers Diet for Decreasing Total Cholesterol in Blood Plasma of Chicken by using Response Surface Methodology

Ha Xuan Bo, Vu Viet Anh, Dang Thuy Nhung

Received: 16-11-2021 / Accepted: 01-03-2022
This study was conducted to optimize the levels mixed herbal supplements in broilers diet for decreasing total cholesterol in blood plasma of chicken at 8 and 16 weeks of age. Six herbals supplements, garlic (Allium sativum), Chinese wedelia (Sphagneticola calendulacea), perilla (Perilla fruitescens var. crispa), turmeric (Curcuma longa), ginger (Zingiber officinale), and green tea (Camellia sinensis) were supplemented in the diet. A total of 126 male Dong Tao chickens were raised in animal farm of Vietnam National University of Agriculture from April 2021 to September 2021. This study was designed in two experiments: 1) Plackett-Burman matrix was designed to study the factors that affect total cholesterol content, 2) Response surface method (RSM) with central composite design (CCD) matrix was designed to optimize the levels mixed herbal supplements in diet. Garlic, turmeric, ginger, and green tea that have significantly contributed to total cholesterol in blood plasma was selected to design a matrix for modeling optimal point. The result of response surface method (RSM) with central composite design (CCD) showed the minimum value of total cholesterol 2.80 mmol/l (8 weeks of age) and 2.70 mmol/l (16 weeks of age) with level supplement of garlic (0.833 and 0.882 g/kg), turmeric (0.420 and 0.441 g/kg), ginger (1.411 and 5.400 g/kg), and green tea (5.221 and 6.215 g/kg), respectively. The lowest value of total cholesterol in the practical model was 2.80 mmol/l and 2.70 mmol/l.

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