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Pathological Characteristics of Kept WildPigsInfected with Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV)

Nguyen Thi Thom, Nguyen Vu Son, Pham Hong Ngan, Nguyen Huu Nam

Received: 24-02-2017 / Accepted: 15-05-2018
Thirty-five piglets aged from 1 to 4 weeks were collected from wild pigfarms in Ha Giang province. The RT-PCR was used to confirm porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) virus. The results showedthat the proportion of positive samples was74.3% and 54.3% for small intestine and mesenteric lymph node andfor fecal samples, respectively. The main clinical signs of PED included weakness, depression, and diarrhea with loose, fishy, and yellow stools (100%)andweight loss (80.8%). Suckling pigs showed anorexia, huddling together, laying on the sow (76.9%), dehydration (69.2%), loss of appetite (57.7%), hypothermia and heaving (53.8%).The autopsies showed distended stomach containing curd and undigested food (100%),thinness of the wall of small intestine and watery yellow translucent content in small intestine (100.0%),hyperemia and hemorrhage of mesenteric lymph nodes (80.8%),enlargement of lymph nodes in other organs (69.2%); pale liver (69.2%),pneumonia (61.5%),splenic congestion, and gallbladder enlargement (57.7%). Microscopic lesions included small intestinal congestion, hemorrhage, severe villous atrophy, scraped mucosa, lymphoid follicles hyperplasia, inflammatory cell infiltration, degeneration, and necrosis. Congestion and inflammatory cells infiltration were observed in liver, spleen, and lung. In addition, hepatocellular degeneration and lipid deposition were observed in the liver.
Appication of Decision Tree Technique in Land Suitability Classification for Rubber in Dau Tieng District, Binh Duong Province

Nguyen Huu Cuong

Received: 15-11-2017 / Accepted: 16-01-2018
Decision tree is a powerful and effective tool in classifying and forecasting. The decision tree method gives quantitative bases for land suitability classification. The analysis of survey data indicated several factor combinations according to plant average productivity and based on productivity, the adaptation level for each factor combination. Was assessed. Regression model of decision tree in this study included two kinds of variables: the target variable was the productivity (t/ha) and the predictor variables consisted of soil types, soil depth, slope and texture. This study was applied for rubber trees and conducted in Dau Tieng district, Binh Duong province. The study showed that the interpretation level of the predictive variables was 97.58%. The moderately suitable area was 60,850.65 hectares, and marginally suitableare was 6,332.97 ha.
Effects of Pruning in Combination with Plant Spacing Variability on the Growth, Development and Yield of H’mong Indigenous Cucumber Grown in Moc Chau, Son La

Tran Thi Minh Hang, Nguyen Quoc Viet, Pham Quang Thang

Received: 27-08-2012 / Accepted: 12-09-2012
The local cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) variety cultivated by H’Mong people from long time ago is one of valuable indigenous crops of Son La that need to be efficiently exploited, conserved and developed. Our research was carried out at Moc Chau, Son La with the aim at determining the optimal plant spacing in combination with proper branch removal for suitable growth, development, yield and quality of H’Mong cucumber. The experiment was arranged in a triplicate split-plot design with two factors, plant spacing and branch removal. Three different plant spacings were 30cm, 40cm and 50cm correcsponding to three plant densities 4,6 pl were left on the main stem, 2) pruning with 3 lower lateral branches were left on the main stem, and 3) no pruning as control treatment. Evaluation parameters included growth and development characteristics, insect and disease incidence, yield, fruit traits (length, diameter, flesh thickness and hardiness of fruit) and fruit quality (0Brix). The results showed that 40cm spacing between plants in combination with second pruning method were most suitable for the growth and development of cucumber plant. This treatment combination resulted in highest harvested yield (105.3 tons/ha), more than doubled as compared with the control (30cm plant spacing, no pruning). Planting H’Mong cucmber in wider spacing (50cm) showed the best growth, flowering and fruiting but reduced the yield due to reduced plant population.
Semen Quality and Some Factors Affacting TheSemen Quality of Dong Tao Chicken

Do Thi Hue, Nguyen Van Duy, Nguyen Thi Xuan, Do Duc Luc, Le Thi Tham, Dang Vu Binh, Vu Dinh Ton

Received: 06-03-2017 / Accepted: 20-05-2017
The study was conducted on 11 Dong Tao cocks (8 - 10 months of age) at the chicken farm, Faculty of Animal Science, Vietnam National University of Agriculture to evaluate the semen quality and factors (individual, time of semen collection and storage condition) affecting semen quality from January to December 2016. The results showed that Dong Tao cocks had good semen quality in terms of ejaculation volume, pH, motility and sperm concentration. The semen color was 2.60 (between white to milk color) and the activity of sperms was 3.99 (well moving with waves at moderate level). The individuality factor affected all criteria of semen quality (P < 0.05). The motility and concentration of sperms collected in the morning were higher than those collected in the afternoon (P < 0.05). Sperm motility of diluted semen kept in the cold storage (2 - 10oC) was higher than that kept at room temperature (P < 0.05).
Isolation and Identification Biochemical Characteristics of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) from pigs in Some Northern Provinces of Vietnam

Huynh Thi My Le, Nguyen Van Giap

Received: 15-04-2013 / Accepted: 15-06-2013
The aim of this study was to isolate and identify biochemichal characteristics of PCV2formpigs with PCVAD in 4 nothern provinces of Vietnam (Hanoi, Hoa Binh, Bac Giang and Hai Duong). Isolation of PCV2 would be a conclusive evidence to confirm the circulation of PCV2 and PCVAD in pigs of Vietnam. 8 of PCV2 were isolated from 38 samples collected from pigs with suspected PCVAD. PCV2 isolates were PCV2b genotype. The result of identification biochemical characteristics of isolated PCV2 shown that PCV2 could multiply in PK15 cell culture from the first or second passage, but no CPE was observed. TCID50of all ranging from 102,7to104,2 /ml.
Design and manufacturing of automated greenhouse misting control system for vegetables during nursery stage

Ngo Tri Duong, Nguyen Thai Hoc

Received: 02-04-2013 / Accepted: 21-06-2013
Control system automatic spray irrigation is an important factor, determines the success of the whole system in greenhouse vegetable production covered. Especially the vegetables in the nursery phase has many favorable characteristics for development of the disease, so the problem of monitoring and care of seedlings in the nursery should be top priority . The design, manufacture spray irrigation control system is very important in maintaining moisture, control the rate of the nutrients as well as the concentrations of plant protection spray vegetables. This paper introduces the results of research, design and manufacture of control systems automatic spray irrigation over time and temperature. Operator when the system is working just install the desired temperature value then the system will automatically control ventilation, misting pump to continuously ensure the installation parameters. The system also allows the operator can choose the location of fresh vegetables need watering time depending on the needs of each vegetable for systems with a variety of vegetables are grown in the same greenhouse.
Utilization of Elongated Uppermost Internode (eui) Gene for Improving Panicle Exsertion of Rice Cytoplasmic Male Sterile

Nong Thi Hue, Nguyen Trong Tu, Bui Thi Thu Huong, Hoang Thi Ngan, Dinh Truong Son, Nguyen Thi Tram

Received: 13-10-2016 / Accepted: 14-02-2017
The major problem encountered in F1 hybrid seed production using cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) lines is the incomplete panicle exsertion at a rate of 30-60% depending on genotype. Application of exogenous GA3 is often required to overcome this problem. A recessive mutant gene (eui) that causes elongation of the uppermost internode at heading stage can be used as a genetic approach to GA3. In this study, DNA markers were used to identify and screen rice plants with eui gene in CMS lines and in F2 segregating and BC1F1 population. The results showed that 6 CMS lines, 12A, L1A, L2A, L3A, L4A and L5A contained eui gene. Phenotypic and genotypic analysis of F2 and BC1F1 population confirmed that elongated uppermost internode trait was regulated by a single recessive gene and followed of Mendelian segregation ratio..
Prevalence of Chicken Infectious Anemia Virus (CIAV) Circulating in Hanoi and Its Vicinity

Dao Doan Trang, Cao Thi Bich Phuong, Vu Thi Ngoc, Nguyen Van Giap, Huynh Thi My Le

Received: 08-11-2017 / Accepted: 20-03-2018
This paper reported the results of investigation on the prevalence of CIAV in Hanoi and its vicinity. By PCR method, the virus was detected in 92.86% of sampling farms and 50.81% of tested samples. The analyses of capsid protein coding gene revealed two genetic groups (group 2 and 3) of CIAV circulating in investigated areas. It was also demonstrated that all field strains of CIAV differed from the vaccine strains (Cux-1, P4 and 3711).
Treatment of Mushroom Culture Wastes for Use as Organic Substrate for Safe Vegetable Cultivation

Nguyen Thi Minh

Received: 20-10-2015 / Accepted: 20-11-2016
The purpose of this research was to apply micro-biotechnology to treat mushrooms culture wastes to produce organic substrate for safe vegetable production in order to efficiently recycle the organic waste resources and increase the value for mushroom growing towards sustainable agricultural development and environmental protection. Five microbial strains, including Azotobacter, Bacilus subtilis, Sacharomyces, Streptomyces and Trichoderma with high amylase, protease and cellulase and biological activities were used as biological formulation for treating the mushroom culture wastes. Results obtained indicated that the organic substrate after treatment had high nutrient content and high density of useful microorganisms that ensure the growth and development of vegetables without other additional costs. Ceylon spinach grown on organic substrate showed better growth, significant yield increase and reduced insect infestation rate. Moreover, the vegetables grown on the substrate from treatment of mushroom wastes possessed high quality standards for safe vegetables conforming to the Decision No. 106/2007/QD-BNNPTNN.
Analysis of Technical Efficiency of Organic Vegetable Production: A Case Study in Thanh Xuan Commune, Soc Son District, Ha NoiCity

Ngo Minh Hai, Phan Xuan Tan, Dong Thanh Mai

Received: 11-12-2014 / Accepted: 08-09-2015
This study aimedto identify the technical efficiency and factors affecting the efficiency in organic vegetable production.By usingCobb - Douglas production function with 67 organic vegetable producers in Thanh Xuan commune, Soc Son district, Ha Noi city, the present study indicatedthat the technical efficiencies of organic tomato and cabbage production were 62% and 89%, respectively. Factors affecting the technical efficiencies includedsowing rate, planting area, organic fertilizer, plant protection cost and water., factors causing the technical inefficiencies were age, education and experience of farm households inorganic farming. The expansione of farm size in combination with proper uses of inputs under organic technical procedures can improve organic vegetable yields.
INFLUENCE OF SOAKING AND GERMINATION CONDITIONS ON THE γ-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID (GABA) CONTENT OF 2 RICEVARIETIES (IR 50404 AND JASMINE 85) FROM MEKONG DELTA

LeNguyenDoanDuy, NguyenCongHa

Received: 21-10-2013 / Accepted: 22-01-2014
Effects of soaking conditions (time, temperature and pH of the soaking solution) and germination conditions (aerobic and anaerobic) on the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) content of IR 50404 and Jasmine 85 rice varieties were investigated. The rice was kept in water at room temperature (30± 2oC) and moisture content monitored until it reached the optimum absorption. The moisture content saturation attained after 6 h was 27.1 % and 32.7 % for IR 50404 and Jasmine 85, respectively. The pH values of soaking solution of pH 3 for IR 50404 and pH 2 for Jasmine 85 were optimal for production of GABA (70.37mg/100g for IR 50404 and 78.50 for Jasmine 85). Germination under anaerobic condition (10% CO2 concentration) yielded the highest GABA content after 30 hours.
Cassava production developmentin Songkhondistrict, Savanakhet province, Lao PDR

Ho Ngoc Cuong, Hao Khampaseuthxaiya

Received: 27-03-2024 / Accepted: 12-06-2024
Songkhon district in Savanakhet province has many advantages in cassava cultivation. However, the development of cassava production in the area is facing with many challenges and difficulties, thus the yield and production remain low. The research was conducted to propose solutions to enhance the development of cassava production in Songkhon district, Savanakhet. The primary data and secondary data on the current state of cassava production development in this district were collected. The research methods used in study included descriptive and comparative sttistics, Likert scale analysis, and SWOT analysis to reflect the current state of production development. The study pointed out that the development of cassava production increased 0.23% area under cultivation and 1.34% increase in productivity in the period of time 2020-2022. The disadvantages of cassava production development in the district include policies, planning, public investment, communication, and agricultural extension. The proposed solution groups for cassava production development include dissemination, completion of related policies and strengthening investment in cassava production development, enhancing agricultural extension activities, planning and promoting the construction of infrastructure and communication facilities for cassava production development,expanding the consumption market, and promoting the export of cassava products to the international market.
DevelopingDirect Dry LAMP Method forField Diagnosis of African Swine Fever

Mai Thi Ngan, Souriya Viliddeth, Tran Thi Huong Giang, Dong Van Hieu, Nguyen Thi Huong Giang, Dang Huu Anh

Received: 06-11-2023 / Accepted: 07-03-2024
African swine fever (ASF) is caused by the ASF virus (ASFV) of the family Asfarviridae with a mortality rate of up to 100%. Currently, studies on the LAMP method (Loop-mediated isothermal amplification) for ASF diagnosis are based onwet LAMP, which is not feasible for field application due to the requirement of cold conditions. This study aimedto evaluate the effectiveness of dry LAMP methods to support early field diagnosis of ASF. The gold standard real-time PCR method was used to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the direct dry LAMP method. The results show that the two-step dry LAMP method wasmore effective in DNA amplification than the one-step dry LAMP method. Both dry LAMP methods showed good DNA amplification efficiency in both storage conditions after 2 months.The sensitivity and specificity of the two-step dry LAMP method after 2.5 months at 4C were 88.1% and 100%. Thus, the dry LAMP method is promising as an early diagnosis tool for ASF, helping to support the screening of infected individuals at the field and to improve the effectiveness of prevention and control of ASF.
Alternaria Leaf Spot Diseaseon Cabbage (Brassica oleraceaL. var. capitata) in Nghe An Province

Nguyen Xuan Canh, Nguyen Xuan Truong, Nguyen Thi Thu, Vo Thi Bich Thuy, Dang Thi Thanh Tam, Nong Thi Hue, Pham Hong Hien

Received: 30-08-2023 / Accepted: 05-01-2024
The study was conducted to isolate and identify the causal agent of leaf spot disease on cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata) in Hung Tien, Nam Dan, Nghe An province. Ten symptomatic cabbage leaves were collected from three diseased fields. Morphological examination revealed that only one type of fungus (designated as BC01) was isolated from the cut surface of the diseased leaf pieces. The isolate BC01 had dark olive colonies, white margin, cottony mycelium, branched conidial chains, brown oval or ellipse conidia shape with a short cone-shaped beak at the head, 0-3 longitudinal septa and 1-5 transverse septa. The conidial size ranged from 10.17 to 40.06 × 4.16 to 13.09µm. Based on the ITS gene sequence analysis and morphological characteristics, the isolate BC01 was identified as Alternaria alternata. After 7 days of re-infection, the symptoms on the re-infection leaves were similar to those on the isolated leaves. At the site of infection, the fungal mycelium grew densely and invaded deep into the leaf tissue, while the control leaves showed no symptoms.
Evaluating the Potential of Digital Soil Mapping Method to Map Soil Typesin BacNinh Province

Doan Thanh Thuy, Le Thi Giang

Received: 08-01-2016 / Accepted: 29-04-2016
The multinomial logistic regression (MLR) model has been being widely used for soil mapping because it could help save time and costs for collecting and analyzing soil data points compared to conventional methods. This research aimed to assess the potential of mapping soil types in Bac Ninh by assessing the performance of Multinomial Logistic Regression (MLR) model in predicting soil types. Nine predictive variables were derived from the ancillary data including land use, altitude, slope, NDVI, PVI, RVI, Topographic Wetness Index and SAGA Wetness Index. MLR model was constructed to predict soil classes at 2 levels: WRB-Reference Soil Group and intermediate level of Soil Group between Reference Soil Group and the full WRB soil name. The map quality was evaluated by the soil map purity estimated with an independent validation dataset. The diversity indices were calculated to assess the information content of the resultant maps. Assessment of the model’s prediction was based on the soil map purity, the Shannon’s entropy and a combined index. MLR yielded high map purity at the level of Reference Soil Group. When the taxonomic level changed from Reference Soil Group level to intermediate level, the map purity decreased while the value of the diversity indices increased. Therefore, soil mapping using MLR in predicting Reference Soil Group might be more efficient. However, at intermediate level, the model predicted higher diversity of soil map and thus the informative value estimated by the combined index was higher.
Estimating Environmental Efficiency for Agricultural Production: A Case Study of Rice

Vo Hong Tu

Received: 16-06-2015 / Accepted: 23-12-2015
The paper introduced a methodology to estimate environmental efficiency for agricultural production by applying stochastic frontier analysis. The results estimated from this method are reliable and applicaple in reality because the method can separate noise effects from deterministic frontier and ensures the independent distribution of technical and environmental efficiency scores. The so-called environmental efficiency was defined as the ability to reduce environmentally detrimental inputs while keeping other observed inputs and output level constant. The environmental efficiency is a promising and empirical indicator for producers, consumers and decision makers to arrive atproper solutions or interventions that promote the harmonious development respecting the environment. The paper also provided an example of 199 rice farmers in An Giang province in 2014 to demonstrate the detailed steps of the measurement. The results showed that the average technical efficiency and environmental efficiency were 93.16% and 77.70%, respectively. In all cases, the environmental efficiency scores were smaller than those of the technical efficiency.
Factors Influencing Land use Change in Hung Yen Province

Le Thi Lan, Tran Quoc Vinh, Pham Quy Giang

Received: 03-01-2024 / Accepted: 26-01-2024
The objective of this study was to identify and evaluate factors influencing land use changes in Hung Yen province. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, exploratory factor analysis, and regression analysis. Results from the investigation of land use status show that in Hung Yen province, there were 3 types of land that changed tremendously during 10-year period (2012-2022), including rice land, perennial cropland, and construction land. The study has identified 04 main factors influencing land use changes in the province, i.e. (i) State policy on land use management, (ii) Economy, (iii) Infrastructure development and (iv) Location. In particular, the State's policy on land use management factor exerted the greatest impact on land use changes in Hung Yen province. The finding of the study is an important practical basis for local authorities on orientations in the process of rational land use and sustainable protection of land resources.
Gene Expresssion of Cytokine and Toll-like Receptor Signaling molecule mRNA in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) from Pigs Co-infected with Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus and Porcine Circovirus

Dong Van Hieu, Phan Hong Dien, Tran Thi Huong Giang, Wen Bin Chung

Received: 18-03-2015 / Accepted: 18-05-2015
Field and experimental studies have shown that co-infection of PRRSV and PCV2 in pigs were quite common and thus the interactions between both viruses in the host might be critical to the pathogenesis of the disease. The exact interaction mechanisms are unknown and remained to be elucidated. In this study, the expression of cytokine mRNA as well as Toll like receptor signaling molecules associated with innate immunity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from pigs infected with PRRSV and/or PCV2 were investigated. Cytokine mRNA and TLR signaling molecule expression were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Co-infection of pigs with PRRSV and PCV2 led to up-regulated expression of IL-1β and IL-10 mRNA and down-regulated expression of TNF-α and IL-6, IFN-α and IFN-β in PBMCs of pigs co-infected with PRRSV and PCV2. An increased expression of CD14 mRNA was noticed in pigs co-infected with PRRSV and PCV2. A down-regulated expression of IRF-1 and IRF-3 mRNA might also suppress the expression of IFNs that leads to the enhanced replication of PCV2 in pigs co-infected with PRRSV and PCV2.
Application of Thin Cell Layer Technique in Studying Morphogenesis of Panax vietnamensis HaetGrushv.

Duong Tan Nhut, Vu Thi Hien, Vu Quoc Luan, Nguyen Phuc Huy, Nguyen Ba Nam, Nguyen Thi Kim Loan, Nguyen Thanh Sang, Vu Thi Thuy, Nguyen Hong Hoang, Thai Xuan Du

Received: 07-08-2014 / Accepted: 04-06-2015
In the present study, the morphogenesis of leaf tTCLs, petiole lTCLs and petiole tTCLs, and main root tTCLs of Panax vietnamensis Ha et Grushv. was investigated. Explants were cultured on MS media containing 30 g/l sucrose, 8 g/l agar and different concentrations of plant growth regulators including NAA, 2,4-D, BA and TDZ (alone or in combination). After 10 weeks of culture, results indicated that leaf tTCLs, petiole lTCLs and main root tTCLs gave the embryogenesis, callogenesis and root formation whilst petiole tTCLs resulted in callogenesis and root formation but not embryogenesis. The highest embryogenesis rate (89.6%), callogenesis rate (91 - 98.8%) and root formation rate (98.8%) were recorded when leaf tTCLs were cultured on media supplemented with 2.0 mg/l NAA and maintained under a long photoperiod with 16:8-h light-dark cycle (LD 16:8); leaf tTCLs, petiole lTCLsand petiole tTCLs, main root tTCLs were cultured on media with 2,4-D plus BA under a long photoperiod and darkness; and media with 1.0 mg/l NAA under darkness, respectively. Light conditions significantly affected the morphogenesis of all explant types. LD 16:8 was found to be suitable for embryogenesis, and formation of globular, heart- and torpedo-shaped, and cotyledonary embryos were observed. The darkness, on the other hand, showed to be effective for root formation and callogenesis, milk-white roots with few branches and yellowish friable calli were obtained.
PhântíchhệthốngnônglâmkếthợptạiBảnDiềm, xãChâuKhê, huyệnCon Cuông, tỉnhNghệAn

Tran Nguyen Bang, Ngo The An

Received: 23-09-2014 / Accepted: 05-06-2015
Nghiên cứu này tập trung phân tích hệ thống nông lâm kết hợp tại bản Diềm, thuộc vùng đệm của Vườn quốc gia Pù Mát theo banhóm tiêu chí là trữ lượng carbon, hiệu quả kinh tế và đặc điểm sinh kế của người dân. Nghiên cứu sử dụng số liệu thống kê tại địa phương kết hợp với điều tra thực tế, bao gồm phỏng vấn hộ gia đình, thảo luận nhóm người dân và đo sinh khối rừng. Kết quả phân tích cho thấy tại địa bàn nghiên cứu có hai loại hệ thống nông lâm kết hợp chính là mô hình truyền thống và mô hình cải tiến; Hiệu quả kinh tế của những loại hình sử dụng đất thuộc các hệ thống nông lâm kết hợp đều có giá trị lợi nhuận ròng NPV dương. Sinh kế của người dân địa phương phụ thuộc chủ yếu vào trồng sắn, trồng keo, và chăn nuôi; Thu nhập ròng trong trồng Mét và Keo dao động từ 6 -18 triệu đồng/ha trong khi đó thu nhập ròng từ trồng sắn chỉ đạt 2,5 triệu đồng/ha. Hiệu quả môi trường của các mô hình nông lâm kết hợp được thể hiện quả trữ lượng carbonbề mặt với mức dao động từ 12,17 -84,58 tấn/ha. Những ô tiêu chuẩn có giá trị carbonbề mặt thấp thường có tre nứa chiếm ưu thế và rất ít cây thân gỗ. Đề xuất cho giải pháp phát triển các mô hình nông lâm kết hợp cho bản Diềm bao gồm (i) nâng cao lợi ích từ các khu vực quy hoạch canh tác nương rẫy; (ii) thực hiện giao đất lâm nghiệp hoặc thực hiện hợp đồng bảo vệ rừng và phát triển vườn nhà và vườn rừng.
FDI INFLOWS INTO VIETNAM AFTER JOINING THE WTO

Hoang Chi Cuong

Received: 10-04-2012 / Accepted: 05-08-2012
Foreigndirect investment (FDI) has taken a crucial role in Vietnam’s development processsince the launch of Renovation in 1986. After Vietnam’s accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO), a large amount of FDI capital flowed into country, up to 140 billion USD, due to the openness of country’s economy, more transparent, predictable investment environment, and several national advantages. Wherein, there was a switching of FDI capital from manufacturing sector to service one together with a downward trend in agriculture. Like previous duration, Vietnam’s FDI capital sources came mostly from Asia-Pacific region and European economies (net capital, technology exporters) probably caused by Vietnam’s integration emphasizes in dynamic Asia-Pacific region. Another interesting finding was that, geographical allocation of FDI was characterized by concentration on three main key economic regions: the Red River Delta (surrounding Ha Noi, Hai Phong, and Quang Ninh), the Central region (surrounding Da Nang), and the Southeast of country (surrounding Ho Chi Minh City) owing to better infrastructure, abundance of skillful labor force, and bigger market size. To use/attract FDI capital more effectively and enhance the role of FDI in Vietnam’s development process, some suggestions were also proposed.
The Relationship between People’s Livelihood Systems and Forest Carbon Stock

Ngo The An, Nguyen Thi Bich Ha

Received: 18-08-2014 / Accepted: 11-03-2015
This study was carrried out to determine the relationship between carbon (C) stock and people’s livelihoods. The analyzed results from 100 questionaires and group discussions at two villages which belong to Con Cuong district, Nghe An province showed that the livelihoods of the local people are very poor. The current land use types with high economic benefits resulted in low C stock. In contrast, the primary forests which arerich in C do not provide high incomes to the farmers. Policies on land management, forest protection, and forest plantation strongly impact people’s livelihoods. Due to the strict forest protection regime and the ban on shifting cultivation, farmer’s incomes have been significantly decreased at the strudy areas. Forest plantations are still financially supported by the government, but only a few better off households can afford to plant trees on their allocated forest land. Diversifying livehoods for local farmers by establishing an agroforestry model of field crops, such as cassava, inter-planted with tree crops such as fruit trees and Acacia sp., while continuing to protect upstream forests, could lead to the increase of C stocks and help poor farmers, but this measuere is only feasible if financial support is provided to the poor households.
TheCurrent Status of Voluntary Social InsuranceinVinh Phuc Province

Pham Thi Lan Phuong, Nguyen Van Song

Received: 04-08-2014 / Accepted: 27-08-2014
The purpose of this research was to analyze the current situation of the voluntary social insurance (VSI) of Vinh Phuc local workers and to propose some solutions to improve their engagement. The research wasconducted on 200 workers in 4 selected districts, cities in Vinh Phuc Province. The resultsshowed that the number of workers registering in VSIincreased butacconted for only a small portion of working people. The increasedrise of number ged in VSI differed interms ofage, payment level, occupation and residence location.Combined with information gathered during interviews, the authors proposed threersolutions to increase the engagement in VSI of workers in theprovince. These are: (1) Improving awareness of VSI among workers, (2) providing better servicesof social insurance agencies, and (3) providing support policy for vulnerable groups.
Some Measures to Prevent and Minimize Wide-scale PowerOutages

Received: 10-10-2013 / Accepted: 17-07-2014
A wide-scale power outrage is a loss of electric power with low probability but dangerous such that it causes great economical and social damage. The power system disintegration resulting in wide-scale power blackouts is a complex phenomenon brought about by different causes. The disintegration of a power system results from a process of separating or losing electric lines or generation units, which happens continuously until it completely divides into isolated regions or areas. The underlying causes derive from the stage of planning, designing, operating, or maintaining, which lead to dangerous wide-scale power outrages. However, for many different reasons, both subjectively and objectively, the investigation of the causes, mechanisms and phenomena bringing about the wide-sclae power outrages was not taken into consideration.
Factors Affecting the Hatchability ofChicken’Eggs

Nguyen Thi Tu, Dang Thai Hai, Ngo Thi Thuy

Received: 27-03-2014 / Accepted: 30-05-2014
eAn experiment was conducted to evaluate several factors affecting the hatchability of Luong Phuong’ eggs on the multi-period incubator in a completely randomized design. The results showed that prolonged egg storage time reduced the rate of embryonated eggs and hatchability but increased embryonated egg mortality. The relationship between egg storage time and embryonated egg rate was strong inversely correlated (r = -0,919; P<0,05). Spawning time during a day affected hatchability. The percentage of embryonated eggs and hatching rate reached the lowest in the egg plots laid before 7am. The highest rate was recored in the egg plots laid from 11am to 13 pm (P<0,05). There was no significant difference in the remaining spawning times. The age of hens also affected hatching parameters (P<0,05). The highest quantity and proportion of embryonated eggs were obtained in laying hen aged between 32-34 weeks. The percentage of hatched/embryonated eggs was lower at 27 weeks of age compared to that of 33-36 weeks of age (P<0,05). The highest hatchability was recorded in eggs weighing from 52-56g. Eggs having shape index in the range from 1.31 to 1.35 had higher hatchability than others (P<0.05). Egg disinfection by formaldehyde showed better hatchability compared to that disinfected by nebutol (P<0,05).

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