Received: 19-12-2015
Accepted: 20-09-2016
DOI:
Views
Downloads
How to Cite:
Study on Alternative Methods to Green Malachite in Treatment of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis
,
Nguyen Van Tuyen
3
,
Nguyen Thi Huong Giang
4
,
Pham Thi Lam Hong
3
Keywords
Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, alternative treatment, green malachite, F+PHA
Abstract
The mixture of Green Malachite (MG) and formalin is the most effective chemical used to treat Ichthyophthirius multifiliis and other prasites infecting fish.However, MG was prohibited to usein aquaculture due to its potential risks to the environment, animal and human health. The prohibited use of MG has caused many difficulties to treat this parasite and other aquatic diseases. This study was conducted to examine a new, environmental friendly, safe and effectively method alternative to MG. Formalin 25 ppm (F25) was combined with a high oxidizing PHA (15% peracetic acid, 25% hydrogen peroxideand 25% acetic acid) at different concentrations of 1, 3, 5, 7, 10 ppm (PHA1, PHA3, PHA5, PHA7, PHA10) and the mixture was used to experimentally treat theronts (in vitro), and mature Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (trophonts) parasitized on Grass carp (in vivo), following with comparison to mixture of Green malachite and formalin (F25 + G0.25). The in vitrotest results show that the mixtureof F25 + PHA10 could kill 96.5% theronts within 48h. For in vivotest, treatments were conducted 72h post infection. After 10 days of experimental treatment, the control group (infected without treatment) had a high mortality rate (85.56%).In contrast, the F25 + G0.25 showed high efficiency in controlling this parasite with 94.43% fish survival. The mixtures F + PHA were effective to mitigate mortality rate compared to the control group, in which the mixture of F25 + PHA10 resulted in highest survival rate (92.23%), following with low prevalence and infection intensity, 5.13 and 1.81 parasites/sample at 40 x magnification, respectively. In addition, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis exhibited changes in morphology and moving behaviour. Results of following 10 days post treatment showed that fish treated with F25 + PHA10 recoveredeffectively, stopped mortality and probably created immunity against this parasite.
References
Baldry M.G.C. (1983). The bactericidal, fungicidal and sporicidal properties of hydrogen peroxide and peracetic acid. Journal of Applied Bacteriology, 54(3): 417 - 423.
Buchmann K., Jensen P.B. and Kruse K.D. (2003). Effects of sodium percarbonate and garlic extract on Ichthyophthirius multifiliis theronts and tomocysts: in vitro experiments. North American Journal of Aquaculture, 65(1): 21 - 24.
Citek J., Svobodova Z. and Tesarcik J. (1997). General prevention of fish diseases. Diseases of Freshwater and Aquarium Fish (in Czech). Informatorium, Prague, pp. 9 - 49.
Culp S.J. and Beland F.A. (1996). Malachite green: a toxicological review. International Journal of Toxicology, 15(3): 219 - 238. Dawson V.K., Rach J.J. and Schreier T.M. (1994). Hydrogen peroxide as a fungicide for fish culture. Bulletin of the Aquaculture Association of Canada, 2: 54 - 56.
Farmer B.D., Fuller S. A., Mitchell A.J., Straus D.L. and Bullard S. A. (2013). Efficacy of bath treatments of formalin and copper sulfate on cultured white bass, Morone chrysops, concurrently infected by Onchocleidus mimus and Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 44(2): 305 - 310.
Gehr R., Wagner M., Veerasubramanian P. and Payment P. (2003). Disinfection efficiency of peracetic acid, UV and ozone after enhanced primary treatment of municipal wastewater. Water research, 37(19): 4573 - 4586.
Hà Ký và Bùi QuangTề. (2007). Ký sinh trùng cá nước ngọt Việt Nam. Nhà Xuất bản Khoa học và Kỹ Thuật, tr. 10 - 16.
Hines R.S. and Spira D.T. (1974). Ichthyophthiriasis in the mirror carp Cyprinus carpio (L.) V. Acquired immunity. Journal of Fish Biology, 6(4): 373 - 378.
Houghton G. (1987). The immune response in carp, Cyprinus carpio L. to Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Fouquet 1876.
Machova J., Svobodova Z. and Svobodnik J. (2001). Risk of malachite green application in fish farming - a review. Veterinarstvi (Czech Republic), 51(3): http://agris.fao.org/.
Miron D.S., Silva L.V.F., Golombieski J.I. and Baldisserotto B. (2003). Efficacy of different salt (NaCl) concentrations in the treatment of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis - infected silver catfish, Rhamdia quelen, fingerlings. Journal of Applied Aquaculture, 14(1 - 2): 155 - 161.
Paperna I. (1980). Parasites, infections and diseases of fish in Africa. An update CIFA Technical Paper, Rome, FAO, 31, 220p.
Picon - Camacho S. M., Marcos - Lopez M., Bron J. E., and Shinn A. P. (2012). An assessment of the use of drug and non - drug interventions in the treatment of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis Fouquet, 1876, a protozoan parasite of freshwater fish. Parasitology, 139(02): 149 - 190.
Rintamäki - Kinnunen P., Rahkonen M., Mannermaa - Keränen A., Suomalainen L., Mykrä H., and Valtonen E.T. (2005). Treatment of ichthyophthiriasis after malachite green. I. Concrete tanks at salmonid farms. Diseases of aquatic organisms, 64(1): 69 - 76.
Srivastava S., Singh N.D., Srivastava A.K. and Sinha R. (1995). Acute toxicity of malachite green and its effects on certain blood parameters of a catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis. Aquatic toxicology, 31(3): 241 - 247.
Srivastava S., Sinha R. and Roy D. (2004). Toxicological effects of malachite green. Aquatic Toxicology, 66(3): 319 - 329.
Sudová E., Straus D.L., Wienke A. and Meinelt T. (2010). Evaluation of continuous 4 - day exposure to peracetic acid as a treatment for Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. Parasitology research, 106(2): 539 - 542
Ventura M.T. and Paperna I. (1985). Histopathology of Ichthyophthirim multifiliis infections in fishes. Journal of Fish Biology, 27(2): 185 - 203.
Xu D.H., Klesius P.H. and Shelby R.A. (2002). Cutaneous antibodies in excised skin from channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus Rafinesque, immune to Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. Journal of Fish Diseases, 25(1): 45 - 52.